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The Belgian Government had long pursued a paternalistic policy in the Congo, refusing to allow any developments. With its gold, copper and uranium resources, the Belgian Congo was the richest of all the European colonies in sub-Saharan Africa, and this vast territory was coveted by major companies. Several new independent states were therefore born in 1960: Cameroon, Congo (also referred to as Congo-Brazzaville), Côte d’Ivoire, Dahomey, Gabon, Upper Volta, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Central African Republic, Senegal, Chad and Togo. Gradually, all these colonies asked France to transfer these responsibilities. This gave them a large measure of internal autonomy, with only national defence and foreign policy remaining under the control of the French Government. With the exception of Guinea, all the colonies in French sub-Saharan Africa opted for the second solution. In 1958, General de Gaulle allowed them to choose between secession leading to independence, and membership of the French Community under the presidency of de Gaulle. The Defferre framework law ( loi-cadre ) gave a considerable degree of internal autonomy to France’s African territories. Félix Houphouët-Boigny from Côte d’Ivoire and Léopold Sédar Senghor from Senegal even became ministers in Paris. In 1946, the constitution of the Fourth Republic granted these territories a measure of autonomy and the right to elect representatives in the French assemblies. The decolonisation of French sub-Saharan AfricaĬhange was also afoot in the French colonies in sub-Saharan Africa. Robert Mugabe was appointed Prime Minister. The white colonists remained in power until 1979, and in 1980, the British granted independence to Southern Rhodesia, which became Zimbabwe. In 1965, the white minority in power in Southern Rhodesia unilaterally proclaimed independence and established an apartheid regime. In southern Africa, Nyasaland proclaimed its independence and took the name Malawi (6 July 1964), and Northern Rhodesia became independent as Zambia (24 October 1964).
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Kenya was finally granted independence in September 1963, and Jomo Kenyatta became the first president of the new republic. He became a symbol of national unity, and was released in 1961. Nationalist leader Jomo Kenyatta, accused of being a member of the Mau Mau movement, was arrested by the British authorities. This militant movement was opposed to British colonial law. On 29 September 1964, Tanganyika joined with Zanzibar to form Tanzania.ĭecolonisation proved more difficult in Kenya, where the Mau Mau Uprising began in 1952. Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960, Sierra Leone on 27 April 1961, Tanganyika on 28 December 1961 and Uganda on 9 December 1962. On 6 March 1957, leader Kwame Nkrumah achieved independence for the Gold Coast, which was renamed Ghana. Two weeks later, on 1 January 1956, Sudan became officially independent. On 19 December 1955, the Sudanese Parliament proclaimed the country's independence.
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The British colonies were the first to gain independence. The decolonisation of sub-Saharan Africa was a gradual process. The decolonisation of English-speaking Africa